RESUMEN En Argentina, la normativa vigente establece cuatro años de evaluación de rendimiento para cualquier nuevo cultivar comercial de trigo pan. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la cantidad óptima de años de evaluación en ensayos comparativos de rendimiento de cultivares de trigo pan, condicionando dicho óptimo al grupo de calidad, ciclo de crecimiento y manejo fitosanitario. Se estimaron componentes de varianza (REML) con los datos de la Red de evaluación de cultivares de trigo pan de Argentina (RET), correspondientes a diez sitios experimentales. Se consideraron los tres grupos de calidad (GC1, GC2 y GC3), la primera y tercera época de siembra (E1 y E3), y manejo con y sin fungicida (CF y SF). Los resultados muestran que se requieren tres años de ensayos para evaluar el rendimiento de los diferentes grupos de calidad y ciclos de crecimiento manejados CF. Para el SF, se requieren cuatro años, excepto para GC1 en E3 y GC2 en E1, que demandan tres y más de cinco años, respectivamente. Estos resultados indican que la norma actual es apropiada para la mayoría de los casos; incluso, podría reducirse a tres CF, para mejorar la calidad de los ensayos y aumentar el número de repeticiones.

SUMMARY In Argentina, current regulations establish four years of yield evaluation for any new commercial bread wheat cultivar. The objective of this work was to determine the optimum number of years of evaluation in comparative yield trials of bread wheat cultivars, conditioning this optimum to the quality group, growth cycle and phytosanitary management. Variance components (REML) were estimated from the data of the bread wheat cultivar evaluation network of Argentina (RET), corresponding to ten experimental sites. The three quality groups (GC1, GC2 and GC3), the first and third sowing season (E1 and E3), and management with and without fungicide (CF and SF) were considered. The results show that three years of trials are required to evaluate the performance of the different quality groups and growth cycles managed CF. For SF, four years are required, except for GC1 in E3 and GC2 in E1, which demand three and more than five years, respectively. These results indicate that the current standard is appropriate for most cases; it could even be reduced to three CF, to improve trial quality and increase the number of repetitions.

The inhibition effect of the cocoa bean shell powder (CBSP) on SAE 1008 carbon steel was studied in acidic medium (HCl 0.5 mol L-1) by electrochemical techniques and gravimetric measurements. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to the chemical and morphological characterization. The gravimetric and EIS results showed that the corrosion rate decreases with increasing inhibitor concentration, reaching the maximum value of 97.92% in 1.77 g L-1 inhibitor (highest concentration studied). Even at the lowest concentration (0.44 g L-1) good corrosion inhibition efficiency (96.03%) was observed. The polarization curves indicated that the CBSP acts as a mixed type inhibitor. The inhibitory molecules adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm model. The inhibitor economic evaluation showed that the use of CBSP is 48-616 times cheaper than traditional inhibitors. The results showed that CBSP is an efficient corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel and its production is financially attractive.

ABSTRACT Carbon steel is used in various applications because of its excellent weldability, good mechanical resistance and low cost. However, its application becomes restricted due to its low corrosion resistance in neutral and acidic media, and it is necessary to use processes to retard the corrosive mechanism, such as the use of inhibitors. Many of the effective synthetic inhibitors used are associated with high cost and some have a high toxicity. In recent years, studies of corrosion inhibitors obtained from natural products have been increasing because they are environmentally sustainable and presents low-cost. Therefore, in the present study, different concentrations of the cocoa shell powder (Theobroma cacao) and hydroalcoholic extract were evaluated as a corrosion inhibitors of SAE 1008 carbon steel in 0.5 mol.L-1 sodium chloride solution. The inhibitory action of the cocoa residue was studied through gravimetric technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). For the chemical characterization of the inhibitor, the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used. The EIS results showed that the corrosion inhibition efficiency of the steel decreased with the inhibitor concentration, reaching maximum values of 55.97% and 72.93%, for cocoa shell powder and hydroalcoholic extract, respectively. The gravimetric data confirmed the electrochemical results and through the study of the adsorption mechanism it was verified that the adsorbed inhibitor molecules follow the Flory-Huggins isotherm model, for both forms of the inhibitor. For all the concentrations evaluated, the cocoa shell powder did not represent an efficient corrosion inhibitor. In contrast, for the hydroalcoholic extract, at the concentration of 0.44 g.L-1, a good performance was verified as a corrosion inhibitor of SAE 1008 carbon steel in 0.5 mol.L-1 sodium chloride solution.

Abstract Background: Brazil is the worldwide leader in the long-term use of pesticides and herbicides. This compromises the health of handlers by causing harmful neurological, respiratory, and cardiovascular changes. The herbicide 2.4D has been shown to cause cardiac overload with subsequent pathological remodeling. Objective: To analyze the cardiac morphological repercussions on the left ventricle (LV) of mice submitted to nebulization by the herbicide 2.4D. Methods: Fifteen mice were divided into three groups: control group (CG; n = 5) exposed to nebulization with sodium chloride solution; low concentration group (LCG; n = 5) exposed to nebulization of the herbicide 2.4D with 3.71 x 10-3 grams; and high concentration group (HCG; n = 5) exposed to nebulization of the herbicide 2.4D with 9.28 x 10-3 grams for 15 minutes. The fractal dimension analysis was performed through the box-counting method. Later, the ImageJ program was used to calculate the fractal dimension of each group. To evaluate cardiac remodeling, histological slides were prepared and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE). Fifty areas of cardiomyocytes were analyzed per animal. The comparisons between groups were performed by ANOVA One-Way with Tukey’s posttest (p < 0.05). Results: There was no change in fractal dimension values between the CG = 1.37 ± 0.02, LCG = 1.33 ± 0.04 and the HCG = 1.33 ± 0.07 groups. However, cardiac hypertrophy occurred in the HCG = 303.9 ± 38.80 µm(2) when compared to the CG group = 236.9 ± 61.71 µm(2) (p = 0.034). Conclusion: The herbicide 2.4D used for 72 hours did not promote cardiotoxicity when evaluated by fractal dimension. However, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was observed in the LV.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze clinical, placental and obstetric aspects of women with and without high-risk pregnancy, and their relationship with intrauterine growth deviations and neonatal aspects. Method: this is a cross-sectional descriptive study. Data collection was based on an analysis of the medical records of women with and without high-risk pregnancy and newborns, and anatomopathological characterization of the placenta. Results: 265 placentas were analyzed, 130 (49.06%) women with high-risk pregnancy and newborns with intrauterine growth deviations. A higher occurrence of placental changes was found in high-risk pregnancy and uterine growth deviations in comparison to cases without high-risk pregnancy (p≤0.001). High-risk pregnancies with intrauterine growth deviations were associated with placental changes (p≤0.001). Intrauterine growth deviations was related to birth weight in cases of high-risk pregnancy compared to normal gestation (p=0.014). Conclusion: a higher occurrence of placental anatomopathological changes was found in maternal and fetal surfaces in cases of high-risk pregnancy and intrauterine growth deviations.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar aspectos clínicos, placentarios y obstétricos de mujeres con y sin gestación de alto riesgo y su relación con desvíos de crecimiento intrauterino y aspectos neonatales. Métodos: investigación descriptivo transversal. La recolección de datos se basó en el análisis de los expedientes de las mujeres con y sin gestación de alto riesgo y de los recién nacidos, y análisis anatomopatológico placentario. Resultados: fueron estudiadas 265 placentas, 130 (49,06%) de mujeres con gestación de alto riesgo y recién nacidos con desvíos de crecimiento intrauterino. Hubo mayor ocurrencia de alteraciones placentarias en gestación de alto riesgo y desvíos de crecimiento uterino comparados con los casos sin gestación de alto riesgo (p≤0,001). Gestación de alto riesgo con desvíos de crecimiento intrauterino posee asociación con alteraciones placentarias (p≤0,001). Desvíos de crecimiento intrauterino están relacionados al peso al nacer en casos con gestación de alto riesgo, comparados con gestación normal (p=0,014). Conclusión: existe mayor ocurrencia de alteraciones anatomopatológicas placentarias tanto en la madre como en el feto en los casos con gestación de alto riesgo y desvíos de crecimiento intrauterino.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar aspectos clínicos, placentários e obstétricos de mulheres com e sem gestação de alto risco e sua relação com desvios de crescimento intrauterino e aspectos neonatais. Método: trata-se de um estudo descritivo transversal. A coleta de dados baseou-se em análise dos prontuários das mulheres com e sem gestação de alto risco e dos recém-nascidos, e análise anatomopatológica placentária.Resu ltados: foram estudadas 265 placentas, 130 (49,06%) de mulheres com gestação de alto risco e recém-nascidos com desvios de crescimento intrauterino. Houve maior ocorrência de alterações placentárias em gestação de alto risco e Desvios de crescimento uterino comparadas aos casos sem gestação de alto risco (p≤0,001). Gestação de alto risco com Desvios de crescimento intrauterino possui associação com alterações placentárias (p≤0,001). desvios de crescimento intrauterino está relacionado ao peso ao nascer em casos com gestação de alto risco, comparados com gestação normal (p=0,014). Conclusão: existe maior ocorrência de alterações anatomopatológicas placentárias nas faces materna e fetal nos casos com gestação de alto risco e desvios de crescimento intrauterino.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar aspectos clínicos, placentários e obstétricos de mulheres com e sem gestação de alto risco e sua relação com desvios de crescimento intrauterino e aspectos neonatais. Método: trata-se de um estudo descritivo transversal. A coleta de dados baseou-se em análise dos prontuários das mulheres com e sem gestação de alto risco e dos recém-nascidos, e análise anatomopatológica placentária.Resu ltados: foram estudadas 265 placentas, 130 (49,06%) de mulheres com gestação de alto risco e recém-nascidos com desvios de crescimento intrauterino. Houve maior ocorrência de alterações placentárias em gestação de alto risco e Desvios de crescimento uterino comparadas aos casos sem gestação de alto risco (p≤0,001). Gestação de alto risco com Desvios de crescimento intrauterino possui associação com alterações placentárias (p≤0,001). desvios de crescimento intrauterino está relacionado ao peso ao nascer em casos com gestação de alto risco, comparados com gestação normal (p=0,014). Conclusão: existe maior ocorrência de alterações anatomopatológicas placentárias nas faces materna e fetal nos casos com gestação de alto risco e desvios de crescimento intrauterino.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze clinical, placental and obstetric aspects of women with and without high-risk pregnancy, and their relationship with intrauterine growth deviations and neonatal aspects. Method: this is a cross-sectional descriptive study. Data collection was based on an analysis of the medical records of women with and without high-risk pregnancy and newborns, and anatomopathological characterization of the placenta. Results: 265 placentas were analyzed, 130 (49.06%) women with high-risk pregnancy and newborns with intrauterine growth deviations. A higher occurrence of placental changes was found in high-risk pregnancy and uterine growth deviations in comparison to cases without high-risk pregnancy (p≤0.001). High-risk pregnancies with intrauterine growth deviations were associated with placental changes (p≤0.001). Intrauterine growth deviations was related to birth weight in cases of high-risk pregnancy compared to normal gestation (p=0.014). Conclusion: a higher occurrence of placental anatomopathological changes was found in maternal and fetal surfaces in cases of high-risk pregnancy and intrauterine growth deviations.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar aspectos clínicos, placentarios y obstétricos de mujeres con y sin gestación de alto riesgo y su relación con desvíos de crecimiento intrauterino y aspectos neonatales. Métodos: investigación descriptivo transversal. La recolección de datos se basó en el análisis de los expedientes de las mujeres con y sin gestación de alto riesgo y de los recién nacidos, y análisis anatomopatológico placentario. Resultados: fueron estudiadas 265 placentas, 130 (49,06%) de mujeres con gestación de alto riesgo y recién nacidos con desvíos de crecimiento intrauterino. Hubo mayor ocurrencia de alteraciones placentarias en gestación de alto riesgo y desvíos de crecimiento uterino comparados con los casos sin gestación de alto riesgo (p≤0,001). Gestación de alto riesgo con desvíos de crecimiento intrauterino posee asociación con alteraciones placentarias (p≤0,001). Desvíos de crecimiento intrauterino están relacionados al peso al nacer en casos con gestación de alto riesgo, comparados con gestación normal (p=0,014). Conclusión: existe mayor ocurrencia de alteraciones anatomopatológicas placentarias tanto en la madre como en el feto en los casos con gestación de alto riesgo y desvíos de crecimiento intrauterino.

OBJECTIVES: The current study sought to identify macroscopic placental changes associated with clinical conditions in women with or without diabetes and their newborns. METHODS: The study population consisted of 62 pregnant women clinically diagnosed with diabetes and 62 healthy women (control group). RESULTS: Among the subjects with diabetes, 43 women (69.3%) were diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus, 15 had diabetes mellitus I (24.2%), and four had diabetes mellitus II (6.5%). The mean age of the women studied was 28.5 ± 5.71 years, and the mean gestational age of the diabetic women was 38.51 weeks. Of the 62 placentas from diabetic pregnancies, 49 (79%) maternal surfaces and 59 (95.2%) fetal surfaces showed abnormalities, including calcium and fibrin deposits, placental infarction, hematoma, and fibrosis. A statistical association was found between newborn gender and fetal and maternal placental changes (p = 0.002). The mean weight of the newborns studied was 3,287 ± 563 g for women with diabetes mellitus, 3,205 ± 544 g for those with gestational diabetes mellitus, 3,563 ± 696 g forthose with diabetes mellitus II, and 3,095 ± 451 g forthose with diabetes mellitus I. CONCLUSIONS: Infarction, hematoma, calcification, and fibrin were found on the maternal and fetal placental surfaces in women with diabetes. Women with gestational diabetes and post-term infants had more calcium deposits on the maternal placental surface as compared to those with type I and type II diabetes.

Pregas vestibulares (PV) são responsáveis pela proteção das vias aéreas superiores e, nos indivíduos com AIDS, apresenta diminuição das células imunes, o que influencia na estrutura dos folículos linfoides (FL). OBJETIVO: Caracterizar a fibrose e a produção de imunoglobulinas nos FL das PV nos indivíduos com AIDS, com e sem infecções e subnutrição associadas. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo transversal em 71 PV de adultos autopsiados. Para a análise morfológica foi usada a coloração picro-sirius. A imuno-histoquímica foi realizada com os anticorpos: anti-IgA, anti-IgG, anti-IgM. RESULTADOS: Nos pacientes com AIDS, a quantidade de fibrose foi menor quando comparados com aqueles que não possuíam AIDS, o mesmo sendo encontrado nos pacientes com infecções ou subnutrição. As quantidades de IgA e IgG foram maiores nos indivíduos com AIDS, e os valores de IgM foram maiores nos casos com infecção. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo contribui para o melhor conhecimento da variação dos constituintes dos FL das PV nos indivíduos com AIDS, bem como da influência de modificações arquiteturais, e da associação de outras entidades, como infecções respiratórias e a subnutrição, sobre a função destes FL.

Vestibular folds (VF) protect upper airways, but contain fewer immune cells in AIDS patients, which affects the structure of lymphoid follicles (LF). OBJECTIVE: To characterize fibrosis and immunoglobulin production in vestibular fold lymphoid tissues of AIDS patients with or with no infection and malnutrition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 71 adult vestibular fold autopsy specimens. The morphological analysis was done using the picrosirius staining method. Immunohistochemical methods consisted of anti-IgA, anti IgG, and anti IgM antibodies. RESULTS: Fibrosis was less intense in AIDS patients compared to subjects without AIDS; the same applied to patients with infection or malnutrition. IgA and IgG titers were higher in AIDS patients; IgM titers were higher in cases with infection. CONCLUSION: This study helps understand variations in lymphoid follicle components of AIDS patients; it also shows the influence of architectural changes and the effect of associated respiratory infection and malnutrition on lymphoid follicle function.

The prematurity is the most frequent cause of neonatal morbidity. The aim of this search was to perform a survey of the newborns with less than 37 completed weeks of gestation and related with the pathological alterations found. The data was collected from the maternal and neonatal medical record. The mean gestational age of the 104 newborns studied was 31 weeks ± 4 days. The mean weight of the premature infants in our study was 2350 grams. The groups with maternal baseline diseases were: maternal hypertension 51 cases (49%), uterus-placental disorders 21 cases (20.1%), infectious diseases 12 cases (11.5%), heart diseases 9 cases (5.7 %), diabetes 2 cases (1.9%), Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 1 case (0.9%) and 8 cases (7.6%) with no record of the baseline disease. Among the groups with fetal baseline diseases the most frequent diseases were of the respiratory tract, with 81 cases (78%). In our study, there was statistically significant difference between gestational age and maternal baseline disease (p=0038). The prematurity remains the main cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, being one of the biggest challenges for the provision of professional high quality assistance.

El nacimiento prematuro representa la causa más frecuente de morbilidad neonatal. Objetivo: realizar un levantamiento de los nacimientos de recién nacidos vivos con menos de 37 semanas completas de gestación y relaciona con las modificaciones patológicas encontradas. Se recolectaron los datos referentes a historia clínica materna y del neonato. La media de la edad gestacional de los 104 recién nacidos estudiados fue de 31 semanas±4 días. De los 104 casos estudiados, 82 casos (78,8 %) habían sido acompañados durante el prenatal. La media de peso de los prematuros fue de 2350 gramos. Los grupos de enfermedades de base maternas encontradas fueron: hipertensión materna 51 casos (49%), alteraciones útero-placentarias 21 casos (20,1%), enfermedades infecciosas 12 casos (11,5%), cardiopatías 9 casos (5,7 %), diabetes 2 casos (1,9%), Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida 1 caso (0,9%) además de 8 casos (7,6%) en que no habían registros de enfermedades de base. Entre los grupos de enfermedades de base fetales las más frecuentes fueron las del grupo de enfermedades del sistema respiratorio, con 81 casos (78%). En nuestro estudio, hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre edad gestacional y enfermedad de base materna (p=0,038). La prematuridad continúa siendo la principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad neonatal.

A prematuridade representa a causa mais freqüente de morbidade neonatal. O objetivo desse estudo foi realizar um levantamento dos nascimentos de recém-nascidos vivos com menos de 37 semanas completas de gestação e relacionar com as alterações patológicas encontradas. Foram coletados dados referentes à história clínica materna e do neonato. A média da idade gestacional dos 104 RNs estudados foi de 31 semanas ± 4 dias. A média de peso dos prematuros foi de 2350 gramas. Os grupos de doenças de base maternas encontradas foram: hipertensão materna 51 casos (49%), alterações útero-placentárias 21 casos (20,1%), doenças infecciosas 12 casos (11,5%), cardiopatias 9 casos (5,7 %), diabetes 2 casos (1,9%), Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida 1 caso (0,9%) ainda 8 casos (7,6%) em que não havia registro de doença de base. Entre os grupos de doenças de base fetais o mais freqüente foi o grupo de doenças do aparelho respiratório, com 81 casos (78%). Em nosso estudo, houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre idade gestacional e doença de base materna (p=0,038). A prematuridade continua sendo a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade neonatal, representando um dos maiores desafios para o fornecimento de uma assistência profissional de qualidade.

The dorsoventral axis of the eye is determined prior to optic cup invagination. A variety of signaling pathways have been implicated in the maintenance of the optic dorsoventral axis, including, but not limited to, bone morphogenetic protein 4, Sonic Hedgehog and retinoic acid. Here, we investigated the possible contribution of Wnt ligands to the establishment or maintenance of the optic axis by analyzing their expression pattern during early chick optic development. We performed in situ hybridization of Wnt-1, Wnt-3a, Wnt-4, and Wnt-5a during the optic vesicle, early optic cup and established optic cup stages and focused our analysis on the optic region. Our data showed that Wnt-5a, but none of the others, is expressed in the dorsal region of the eye starting from the Hamburger and Hamilton stage 14 (HH14). These results are supported by cryosections of the labeled optic region, which further reveal that Wnt-5a is expressed only in the dorsal retinal pigmented epithelium. Thus, we propose that Wnt-5a is a marker for dorsal retinal pigmented epithelium in chick embryos from HH14 to HH19.